Last Updated: 12/19/2024
Introduction
The genocide in Gaza is the most documented genocide in human history. It is also the first ever “live-streamed” genocide, where anyone can watch civilians (and thousands of children) be burned alive, buried alive, bombed, and starved to death in near real-time on their phones.
This extensive video footage in the age of social media has naturally provided the material for the most remarkable and detailed documentaries on genocide, war crimes, and other violations of international law ever created. This includes Al Jazeera’s Investigating War Crimes in Gaza (October 3, 2024) and The Night Won’t End: Biden’s War on Gaza (June 21, 2024), TRT World’s Holy Redemption (September 18, 2024), The Evidence by Anadolu Agency (November 17, 2024) not to mention shorter eye-opening videos such as Double Down News’ The Most Documented Genocide in History (January 4, 2024), and many others.
The written reports in this document exclude the tens of thousands of hi-definition color videos of the genocide that are publicly available, as well as unreleased documentation, such as the 2 volume South Africa vs. Israel Memorial (October 2024) for the ICJ (pictured below), which are confidential by court law until the case is finished. Nevertheless, the publicly available written reports are based on the best evidence and testimony available, and documents Israel’s genocide in Gaza as thoroughly as one can in a written language.
Before listing the reports, consider some of the basic facts of the situation. In less than a year, the Israeli occupation forces:
- Dropped the equivalent of seven nuclear bombs (comparable to Hiroshima and Nagasaki; over 80,000 tones) on one of the densest populations on earth in a space less than a third the size of London. This constituted the most destructive bombing campaign since WWII. “Gaza is now a different colour from space. It’s a different texture” (Van Den Hoek cited in Al Jazeera 2023)
- Killed more journalists than WWII and Vietnam combined (CPJ 2024), and killed more United Nations workers than any other event in United Nations history (UN 2024).
- Destroyed more United Nations schools and buildings than any other event in its history (OHCHR 2024).
- Killed an average of 500 children per week. (The primary method of dying was the following: buried alive, burned alive, dismembered, starved.)
- Created what appears to be the fastest forced-famine on record (Regan and Lau 2024); “What’s unique about this [famine] has been the speed…We’ve never seen 2.2 million civilians made to go hungry within weeks. So we’ve never seen this degree of hunger used as a weapon so quickly and so completely—ever.” (Michael Fakhri, UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food; 2024).
- Created the highest number of child amputees in history (Griswold 2024).
- Displaced over 90% of the population (Agent France-Presse 2024) and destroyed over 2/3 of housing.
- Bombed every hospital (36) and university (12) in Gaza, going far beyond ordinary war crimes into “scholasticide” (OHCHR 2024). Among the university presidents and thousands of professors assassinated (Gaza had one of the highest number of PhDs per capita in the world), professor Refaat Alareer was warned by the IDF that they were going assassinate him, and he posted his poem, “If I Must Die,” hours before he and his family were bombed (Alareer 2024).
- Destroyed the sanitation system and revived the Polio virus. As with the use of smallpox blankets by the European colonizers in the Americas, this was a strategic use of disease. The former head of Israel’s National Security Council, General Giora Eiland argued that “We must not shy away from this, as difficult that may be. After all, severe epidemics in the south of Gaza will bring victory closer and reduce casualties among the IDF soldiers” (Middle East Eye 2023); only IDF soldiers were vaccinated for Polio (Bletter 2024), and over 1 million polio vaccines were blocked from entering Gaza.
- Cut off 94% of water to all of Gaza. (Oxfam 2024)
It has been said that the “war in Gaza” is the first war in history where (a) 100% of the population is displaced, (b) over 2/3 of all residential housing is destroyed, and (c) over half the victims are women and children. The Gaza genocide is not simply genocide, but is a record-breaking genocide.
The annotated bibliography below lists independent reports of Israel’s genocide by a variety of organizations and specialists. It is generally written in chronological order, from earliest to the most recent. A PDF of this document can be downloaded by clicking the header below:
An Annotated Bibliography of Independent Reports Documenting (and Condemning) Israel’s Genocide in Gaza
Third World Approaches to International Law Review. (2023). “Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza.” On October 15, less than two weeks after October 7, “over 800 scholars and practitioners of international law, conflict studies and genocide studies signed a public statement warning of the possibility of genocide.” The immediate intent of Israel’s genocide was clear enough to document, as well as its actions up to this point, which included cutting off the water supply to Gaza and its 2.2 million inhabitants.
Center for Constitutional Rights (2023). “Stop the Genocide: United States Complicity and Failure to Prevent the Israeli Government’s Unfolding Genocide of Palestinians.” This organization filed a federal lawsuit on November 13, 2023 against President Biden and his cabinet for facilitating the genocide in Gaza. The lawsuit, with a 44-page brief, is based on genocide laws in the US. (The case was dismissed on technical grounds.)
South Africa. (2023). “Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel).” International Court of Justice. South Africa vs. Israel. This is the original 84-page court brief (“application institutional proceedings”) for Israel’s genocide at the Genocide Convention of the International Court of Justice. It was filed in December 29, less than three months after Israel’s invasion of Gaza. The reason why SA filed so quickly was because (a) the permanent damage done was already catastrophic, (b) the public intent to destroy Gaza was so explicit, and (c), so many innocents were being slaughtered. The reason why South Africa filed against Israel (and not another country) is likely because Israel facilitated and directly supported the apartheid regime, its technologies, and apartheid militaries until its collapse in the 1990s. (Note that Israel denies the genocides in Armenia and Bosnia because it also funded them as well. See the important and eye-opening essay by Princeton/Rutgers historian Zachary Foster, “Israel’s Support for Apartheid, War Crimes, and Genocide Around the World.”)
South Africa. (2024). Court Orders to Israel for genocide case 192 (February and March) Israel completely rejected the requests made by South Africa and recognized by the court. This was so obvious and well document that when South Africa requested provisional measures twice (here and here) to cease specific genocidal activity (e.g., destroying Rafah, the last remaining refugee camp in Gaza; cutting off water and blocking aid trucks, etc.), the court responded by issuing direct orders with near unanimous consent. They were all ignored by the IDF.
Segal, Raz, et. al. (December 7, 2024). “Statement of Scholars in Holocaust and Genocide Studies on Mass Violence in Israel and Palestine since 7 October.” Contending Modernities (University of Notre Dame). This is a public statement jointly authored/signed by over fifty-five holocaust scholars warning of genocide. The opening paragraph is: “We, scholars of the Holocaust, genocide, and mass violence, feel compelled to warn of the danger of genocide in Israel’s attack on Gaza.” Note that it’s compiler and organizer, Raz Segal, wrote an earlier essay in Jewish Currents (within days after the October 7 events) entitled “A Textbook Case of Genocide.”
Lemkin Institute for Genocide Research. (December 29, 2023). “Statement on Why We Call the Attack on Gaza Genocide.” R. Lemkin coined the termed “genocide” in 1944. The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention (founded in 2017) aims to prevent genocide in Lemkin’s legacy. They concluded by December (as with the above), that Israel was committing genocide.
Albanese, F. (March 24, 2024). “Anatomy of a Genocide – Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967 to Human Rights Council.” United Nations. To assess what was happening in Gaza, the United Nations assigned a specialist to investigate and report back to the human rights council. Albanese concluded that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza under the “camouflage” of “humanitarian” catastrophe caused by a defensive war.
University Network for Human Rights. “Genocide in Gaza.” (May 15, 2024). A 105-page report by some of the world’s leading law schools. The University Network of Human Rights is comprised of the International Human Rights Clinic at Boston University School of Law, the International Human Rights Clinic at Cornell Law School, the Centre for Human Rights at the University of Pretoria, and the Lowenstein Human Rights Project at Yale Law School. Their extensive report documents Israel’s genocide in Gaza.
Human Rights Watch. (February 26, 2024). “Israel Not Complying with World Court Order in Genocide Case.” This leading human rights organization argued that Israel fails to obey the Genocide Conventions orders to cease genocidal acts. Furthermore,
Mordecai, Lee. (Regularly Updated; originally January, then updated in June and December, 2024). “Bearing Witness to the Israel-Gaza War.” (witnessing-the-gaza-war.com) Mordecai is a Senior Lecturer in history at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. He wrote an extensive 126-page document with many first-hand eye-witness evidence posted on social media about Israel’s genocide. “I, Lee Mordechai, a historian by profession and an Israeli citizen, bear witness in this document to the horrible current situation in Gaza as events are unfolding. The enormous amount of evidence I have seen, much of it referenced later in this document, has been enough for me to believe that Israel is currently committing genocide against the Palestinian population in Gaza.”
Goldberg, Amos. (May 14, 2024). “Yes It is Genocide.” Jewish Voice for Labour. Goldberg is Professor of Holocaust History at Hebrew University of Jerusalem and wrote an article explaining the genocide in Gaza. As summarized in the article’s heading:
In most cases of genocide, the perpetrators of the murder said they were acting in self-defense. The fact that what is happening in Gaza does not resemble the Holocaust, writes Holocaust scholar Amos Goldberg, does not mean that it is not genocide.
Yes, it is genocide. Although it is so difficult and painful to admit this and despite all efforts to think otherwise, at the end of six months of a brutal war it is no longer possible to escape this conclusion. Jewish history will henceforth be stained with the mark of Cain of the “crime of crimes,” which cannot be erased from its forehead. As such, it will stand trial for generations.
Bartov, Omer. (August 13, 2024). “As a former IDF soldier and historian of genocide, I was deeply disturbed by my recent visit to Israel.” The Guardian. A short report written by a leading holocaust scholar. He explains, based on his recent visits to Israel, why he believes Israeli society has degraded to the same level as Nazi Germany, and why he changed his mind that after May 6, 2024, it is clear Israel is committing genocide of Gaza.
Sultany, Nimar. (2024). “A Threshold Crossed: On Genocidal Intent and the Duty to Prevent Genocide in Palestine.” Journal of Genocide Research, 1–26. This article, written by a legal scholar and focusing on the intent criteria, documents Israel’s genocide in Gaza..
El-Affendi, A. (2024). “The Futility of Genocide Studies After Gaza.” Journal of Genocide Research, 1–7. Notes that the failure to condemn the Israeli genocide in Gaza and defenses of it in the literature and by others, has undermined the concept of genocide itself. This is similar to other remarks by International Law Professor Neve Gordon (Queen Mary University, London “If the world accepts the way Israel now interprets the principle of proportionality, then genocide will become justified” (2024).
Khatib, R., McKee, M., and Yusuf, S. (2024). “Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential.” The Lancet 404(10449), pp. 237-238. This article, in perhaps the most prestigious medical journal in the world, argues that about 186,000 people have died in Gaza since July 2024, amounting to about 7% of the total population. (This suggests that well over 300,000 were killed by October 2024, since the conditions only worsened.)
Forensic Architecture. “A Spatial Analysis of the Israel Military’s Conduct in Gaza Since October 2023.” October 15, 2024. An 827-page report by a UK firm extensively documents the IDF’s genocidal destruction of civilian infrastructure in Gaza.
Euromed Human Rights Monitor. “De-Gaza: A Year of Israel’s Genocide and the Collapse of the World Order.” October 7, 2024. A 111-page report by a Geneva-based human rights organization (led by former Princeton professor and UN international lawyer, Richard Falk) extensively documents Israel’s genocide over the first year.
United Nations Special Committee. “A/79/363: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories.” September 20, 2024. This special committee at the United Nations concludes that “The developments in this report lead the Special Committee to conclude that the policies and practices of Israel during the reporting period are consistent with the characteristics of genocide.”
Albanese, Francesca. “Genocide as Colonial Erasure.” United Nations Human Rights. October 24, 2024. Documents the Gaza genocide in the context of settler colonialism. (Albanese went on a speaking tour across the world after publishing this report.)
Wikipedia. “Gaza Genocide.” This open source article, with over 600 references, was officially listed at the top of Wikipedia’s master list of genocides on November 11-12, 2024. It is an extensive encyclopedia entry documenting the Gaza genocide, which at that point in time was becoming accepted in more mainstream circles. (E.g., in the same week, the British Prime Minister was finally asked his definition of genocide; he refused to answer.)
United Nations Human Rights Commission. “Six-month update report on the human rights situation in Gaza: 1 November 2023 to 30 April 2024.” November 8, 2024. This 32-page report documents war crimes (particularly, starvation used as a weapon of war) committed by the IDF’s destructive campaign, and reveals that the genocide’s victims are over 70% women and children.
Human Rights Watch. “Hoping, Starving, and Besieged.” November 14, 2024. 154-page report that documents the genocidal evacuation orders of the IDF in Gaza since October 7, 2024. It shows that such “evacuations” constitute genocidal ethnic cleansing (just like the “Trail of Tears” to kill off Indians during American expansion).
Amnesty International. “Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territory: ‘You Feel Like You Are Subhuman’: Israel’s Genocide Against Palestinians in Gaza.” (November 5, 2024). Amnesty is probably the largest and most respected international human rights organization. They waited (perhaps too long) to publicly take sides and substantiate the heavy claim of genocide in this 296-page report, which confirms that Israel is indeed, carrying out genocide.
European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights. “Gaza and the Matter of Genocide.” (December 16, 2024). This Berlin-based human rights and legal organization concludes in a 7 page statement that there is a sound legal basis for concluding the Israel is committing genocide in Gaza.
Human Rights Watch. “Israel’s Crime of Extermination, Acts of Genocide in Gaza.” (December 19, 2024). This 179-page report from a leading international human rights organization concludes that Israel is committing genocidal acts in Gaza, giving special attention to Israel’s withholding of water and the intentional destruction of other conditions necessary for life.
Airwars. “Patterns of Harm Analysis: Gaza October 2023.” (December, 2024). This international violence and war watchdog non-profit produced a 29-page report specifically examining the genocidal bombing campaign of Israel in Gaza the month that the assault began (October 2023). The total of 1900 children killed by Israel in Gaza during this period was 7x the number killed in a single month in any other war in it has studied.
